• MMPEVEM
MMPEVEM

概述#

自 1.11.0 版本起，SUMO 附带了由亚琛工业大学 (RWTH Aachen University) 移动推进机电一体化教学与研究区 (MMP) 开发的电动汽车 (EV) 能耗模型。该模型被称为 MMPEVEM (MMP's Electric Vehicle Emission Model)，作为 SUMO 排放模型实现（因此得名），它单独考虑动力总成的各个部件，以准确计算每个仿真步长的功率消耗。这包括具有恒定效率的传动系统（即单级减速齿轮和差速器）、功率损耗从特性图中读取/插值的电动机（及其逆变器）、代表空调等辅助设备的恒定功率消耗器以及电池。

使用模型#

要使用 MMPEVEM，请在您感兴趣的车辆的 vType 定义中设置 emissionClass="MMPEVEM"，并添加以下参数：

<param key="has.battery.device" value="true"/>

为 vType 配备电池设备是必要的，因为它会触发所有与能量相关参数的解析和加载。除此之外，目前 MMPEVEM 与所述设备之间没有交互。这尤其意味着电池的状态和输出不受前者影响，也不基于前者。

虽然有默认参数可用，但强烈建议明确指定下面列出的所有模型参数，并确保它们彼此兼容。否则可能会导致错误甚至无效的工作点（参见[输出](#output），从而扭曲整体能耗。

模型参数#

MMPEVEM 共享许多 SUMO 的原生电动汽车参数，并仅引入了几个新参数。您可以在 {SUMO_HOME}/data/emissions/MMPEVEM1 找到示例车辆类型定义。

键 (Key) 值类型 默认值 描述
vehicleMass float (> 0) 1000.0 [kg] 车辆质量
wheelRadius float (> 0) 0.3588 [m] 车轮半径
internalMomentOfInertia float (>= 0) 0.01 [kg * m^2] 内部组件的转动惯量
rollDragCoefficient float (>= 0) 0.01 [1] 滚动阻力系数
airDragCoefficient float (>= 0) 0.6 [1] 空气阻力系数
frontSurfaceArea float (>= 0) 5.0 [m^2] 车辆前部的横截面积
gearRatio float (> 0) 10.0 [1] 单级减速齿轮和差速器的组合传动比
gearEfficiency float (> 0) 0.96 [1] 单级减速齿轮和差速器的组合效率
maximumTorque float (>= 0) 310.0 [Nm] 电动机的最大再生扭矩
maximumPower float (>= 0) 107000.0 [W] 电动机的最大再生功率
maximumRecuperationTorque float (>= 0) 95.5 [Nm] 电动机的最大回收扭矩
maximumRecuperationPower float (>= 0) 42800.0 [W] 电动机的最大回收功率
internalBatteryResistance float (> 0) 0.1142 [Ohm] 电池内阻
nominalBatteryVoltage float (>= 0) 396.0 [V] 电池标称电压
constantPowerIntake float 100.0 [W] 辅助设备的恒定功率消耗
powerLossMap string 2,1\|-1e9,1e9;-1e9,1e9\|0,0,0,02 电动机功率损耗图的字符串表示

功率损耗图#

功率损耗图描述了电动机的功率损耗（单位：W），它是电机转速（单位：rpm）和扭矩（单位：Nm）的函数。它使用自定义字符串格式传递给模型，下面将使用模拟功率损耗图进行说明。

0 rpm 4000 rpm 8000 rpm
-100 Nm 826.7 W 4295.6 W
0 Nm 0.0 W 2162.9 W 6137.4 W
100 Nm 826.7 W 4295.6 W 9317.5 W
200 Nm 3297.4 W 8361.2 W 14988.6 W

其字符串表示为：

2,1|0,4000,8000;-100,0,100,200|826.7,4295.6,nan,0.0,2162.9,6137.4,826.7,4295.6,9317.5,3297.4,8361.2,14988.6

字符串由三部分组成，由 | 字符分隔： - 第一部分表示它从 ℝ² 映射到 ℝ¹，对于 MMPEVEM 的功率损耗图来说不会改变。 - 中间部分包含按升序排列的轴值。轴之间用分号分隔，而每个轴的值之间用逗号分隔。 - 最后一部分包含映射的行主序展平条目（即表的第一行，然后是第二行等），由逗号分隔。未定义的工作点（例如本例中的 (8000 rpm, -100 Nm)）以 nan 传递。

工具#

对于永磁同步电机 (PMSM)，可以使用 Kalt 等人3 开发的电机设计工具生成功率损耗图，并使用 {SUMO_HOME}/tools/contributed/convertMapMat2XML.M 转换为预期格式。该工具和转换脚本需要 MATLAB® 2017 或更高版本。

示例#

这是一个通用电动 SUV 的 vType 定义示例，取自 {SUMO_HOME}/data/emissions/MMPEVEM/SUV.xml。

<vType id="SUV" vClass="passenger" emissionClass="MMPEVEM" actionStepLength="1.0">
  <param key="has.battery.device" value="true"/>
  <param key="vehicleMass" value="2100"/>
  <param key="wheelRadius" value="0.3835"/>
  <param key="internalMomentOfInertia" value="16"/>
  <param key="rollDragCoefficient" value="0.01"/>
  <param key="airDragCoefficient" value="0.29"/>
  <param key="frontSurfaceArea" value="3.23"/>
  <param key="gearRatio" value="9.325"/>
  <param key="gearEfficiency" value="0.96"/>
  <param key="maximumTorque" value="380"/>
  <param key="maximumPower" value="180000"/>
  <param key="maximumRecuperationTorque" value="180"/>
  <param key="maximumRecuperationPower" value="105000"/>
  <param key="internalBatteryResistance" value="0.1575"/>
  <param key="nominalBatteryVoltage" value="405"/>
  <param key="constantPowerIntake" value="360"/>
  <param key="powerLossMap" value="2,1|0,413.7931,827.5862,1241.3793,1655.1724,2068.9655,2482.7586,2896.5517,3310.3448,3724.1379,4137.931,4551.7241,4965.5172,5379.3103,5793.1034,6206.8966,6620.6897,7034.4828,7448.2759,7862.069,8275.8621,8689.6552,9103.4483,9517.2414,9931.0345,10344.8276,10758.6207,11172.4138,11586.2069,12000;-192.8157,-176.7477,-160.6797,-144.6118,-128.5438,-112.4758,-96.4078,-80.3399,-64.2719,-48.2039,-32.1359,-16.068,0,16.068,32.1359,48.2039,64.2719,80.3399,96.4078,112.4758,128.5438,144.6118,160.6797,176.7477,192.8157,208.8836,224.9516,241.0196,257.0876,273.1555,289.2235,305.2915,321.3594,337.4274,353.4954,369.5634,385.6313|3059.92,3292.2,3684.4,4125.3,4607.96,5128.38,5683.86,6272.42,6892.5,7542.89,8222.55,8930.61,9666.35,10429.1,10310.8,11089.67,10785.82,10390.27,10810.04,10481.93,10979.63,11522.42,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,2571.18,2794.54,3160.93,3574.57,4028.8,4519.78,5044.9,5602.28,6190.42,6808.15,7454.48,8128.58,8829.74,9557.33,10310.8,11089.67,10785.82,10390.27,10810.04,10481.93,10979.63,11522.42,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,2124.95,2338.35,2679.36,3066.29,3492.74,3955.01,4450.61,4977.7,5534.87,6120.96,6735.04,7376.31,8044.08,8737.75,9456.79,10200.74,10785.82,10390.27,10810.04,10481.93,10979.63,11522.42,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,1721.21,1923.61,2239.66,2600.44,2999.77,3434.09,3900.98,4398.68,4925.83,5481.31,6064.23,6673.8,7309.37,7970.36,8656.27,9366.63,10064.34,10390.27,10810.04,10481.93,10979.63,11522.42,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,1359.97,1550.33,1841.86,2177.04,2549.9,2957,3396.01,3865.22,4363.31,4889.2,5442.04,6021.05,6625.62,7255.17,7909.23,8587.34,9289.11,9670.59,10040.46,10481.93,10979.63,11522.42,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,1041.22,1218.5,1485.94,1796.07,2143.13,2523.76,2935.71,3377.32,3847.31,4344.64,4868.47,5418.07,5992.82,6592.18,7215.67,7862.87,8533.39,9003.21,9328.15,9724.18,10175.82,10671.82,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,764.98,928.14,1171.9,1457.55,1779.45,2134.36,2520.07,2934.97,3377.82,3847.62,4343.53,4864.85,5410.97,5981.38,6575.6,7193.22,7833.87,8384.9,8669.14,9024.21,9434.59,9888.97,10379.02,10898.58,11443.04,12008.93,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,531.24,679.23,899.76,1161.47,1458.87,1788.79,2149.09,2538.18,2954.86,3398.14,3867.21,4361.39,4880.08,5422.77,5989,6578.39,7190.55,7813.13,8060.28,8378.21,8751.34,9168.33,9620.81,10102.57,10608.98,11136.54,11682.6,12245.16,12822.71,13414.09,339.99,471.78,669.49,907.82,1181.39,1487.07,1822.77,2186.96,2578.42,2996.21,3439.52,3907.69,4400.14,4916.35,5455.9,6018.38,6603.43,7210.74,7499.12,7783.23,8122.55,8505.71,8924.32,9372.16,9844.56,10337.99,10849.81,11377.99,11920.98,12477.63,191.25,305.79,481.12,696.62,947,1229.19,1541.13,1881.29,2248.5,2641.82,3060.46,3503.76,3971.15,4462.13,4976.27,5513.19,6072.52,6653.95,6983.77,7237,7545.53,7897.97,8285.9,8703.07,9144.81,9607.58,10088.72,10586.18,11098.42,11624.26,85,181.26,334.63,527.86,755.71,1015.15,1304.14,1621.18,1965.1,2334.97,2730.02,3149.58,3593.11,4060.1,4550.14,5062.82,5597.81,6154.78,6512.75,6737.81,7018.29,7342.77,7702.83,8092.19,8506.18,8941.24,9394.7,9864.51,10349.11,10847.33,21.25,98.19,230.02,401.53,607.51,844.95,1111.82,1406.62,1728.22,2075.66,2448.2,2845.17,3266.03,3710.27,4177.48,4667.27,5179.3,5713.25,6085.03,6284.42,6539.38,6838.46,7173.21,7537.36,7926.2,8336.18,8764.61,9209.44,9669.11,10142.42,0,58.32,172.48,327.47,517.95,740.81,993.98,1275.91,1585.42,1921.55,2283.51,2670.64,3082.37,3518.18,3977.64,4460.35,4965.97,5494.17,5876.18,6057.77,6296.78,6581.41,6902.92,7254.84,7632.29,8031.6,8450,8885.36,9336.06,9800.88,21.25,98.19,230.02,401.53,607.51,844.95,1111.82,1406.62,1728.22,2075.66,2448.2,2845.17,3266.03,3710.27,4177.48,4667.27,5179.3,5713.25,6085.03,6284.42,6539.38,6838.46,7173.21,7537.36,7926.2,8336.18,8764.61,9209.44,9669.11,10142.42,85,181.26,334.63,527.86,755.71,1015.15,1304.14,1621.18,1965.1,2334.97,2730.02,3149.58,3593.11,4060.1,4550.14,5062.82,5597.81,6154.78,6512.75,6737.81,7018.29,7342.77,7702.83,8092.19,8506.18,8941.24,9394.7,9864.51,10349.11,10847.33,191.25,305.79,481.12,696.62,947,1229.19,1541.13,1881.29,2248.5,2641.82,3060.46,3503.76,3971.15,4462.13,4976.27,5513.19,6072.52,6653.95,6983.77,7237,7545.53,7897.97,8285.9,8703.07,9144.81,9607.58,10088.72,10586.18,11098.42,11624.26,339.99,471.78,669.49,907.82,1181.39,1487.07,1822.77,2186.96,2578.42,2996.21,3439.52,3907.69,4400.14,4916.35,5455.9,6018.38,6603.43,7210.74,7499.12,7783.23,8122.55,8505.71,8924.32,9372.16,9844.56,10337.99,10849.81,11377.99,11920.98,12477.63,531.24,679.23,899.76,1161.47,1458.87,1788.79,2149.09,2538.18,2954.86,3398.14,3867.21,4361.39,4880.08,5422.77,5989,6578.39,7190.55,7813.13,8060.28,8378.21,8751.34,9168.33,9620.81,10102.57,10608.98,11136.54,11682.6,12245.16,12822.71,13414.09,764.98,928.14,1171.9,1457.55,1779.45,2134.36,2520.07,2934.97,3377.82,3847.62,4343.53,4864.85,5410.97,5981.38,6575.6,7193.22,7833.87,8384.9,8669.14,9024.21,9434.59,9888.97,10379.02,10898.58,11443.04,12008.93,12593.66,13195.25,13812.23,14443.49,1041.22,1218.5,1485.94,1796.07,2143.13,2523.76,2935.71,3377.32,3847.31,4344.64,4868.47,5418.07,5992.82,6592.18,7215.67,7862.87,8533.39,9003.21,9328.15,9724.18,10175.82,10671.82,11203.92,11766.01,12353.56,12963.17,13592.32,14239.12,14902.19,15580.51,1359.97,1550.33,1841.86,2177.04,2549.9,2957,3396.01,3865.22,4363.31,4889.2,5442.04,6021.05,6625.62,7255.17,7909.23,8587.34,9289.11,9670.59,10040.46,10481.93,10979.63,11522.42,12102.14,12712.82,13350.05,14010.59,14692.09,15392.85,16111.74,16848.03,1721.21,1923.61,2239.66,2600.44,2999.77,3434.09,3900.98,4398.68,4925.83,5481.31,6064.23,6673.8,7309.37,7970.36,8656.27,9366.63,10064.34,10390.27,10810.04,11302.37,11852.06,12448.17,13082.76,13750.09,14446.05,15167.75,15913.26,16681.4,17471.69,18284.23,2124.95,2338.35,2679.36,3066.29,3492.74,3955.01,4450.61,4977.7,5534.87,6120.96,6735.04,7376.31,8044.08,8737.75,9456.79,10200.74,10785.82,11166.28,11641.97,12191.89,12801.15,13459.15,14158.41,14893.73,15661.64,16460.13,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,2571.18,2794.54,3160.93,3574.57,4028.8,4519.78,5044.9,5602.28,6190.42,6808.15,7454.48,8128.58,8829.74,9557.33,10310.8,11089.67,11562.13,12003.73,12542.85,13158.98,13837.82,14569.51,15347.47,16167.76,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,3059.92,3292.2,3684.4,4125.3,4607.96,5128.38,5683.86,6272.42,6892.5,7542.89,8222.55,8930.61,9666.35,10429.1,11218.29,12017.36,12398.26,12909.18,13521.37,14215.18,14977.47,15799.94,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,3591.16,3831.31,4249.75,4718.46,5230.21,5780.83,6367.49,6988.11,7641.1,8325.17,9039.24,9782.41,10553.91,11353.06,12179.27,12844.59,13300.53,13891.26,14589.29,15376.72,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,4164.89,4411.88,4856.98,5354.06,5895.56,6477.12,7095.77,7749.36,8436.22,9154.99,9904.55,10683.97,11492.43,12329.22,13193.73,13735.1,14277.15,14961.52,15763.13,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,4781.13,5033.91,5506.1,6032.11,6604.01,7217.24,7868.72,8556.18,9277.86,10032.35,10818.49,11635.29,12481.9,13357.58,14244.44,14696.41,15339.05,16136.09,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,5439.86,5697.4,6197.11,6752.59,7355.56,8001.21,8686.33,9408.55,10166.02,10957.26,11781.06,12636.37,13522.32,14438.12,15180.17,15738.39,16501.23,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,6141.09,6402.34,6930,7515.52,8150.2,8829.02,9548.61,10306.48,11100.69,11929.71,12792.25,13687.22,14613.7,15570.87,16190.45,16874.33,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,6884.82,7148.74,7704.78,8320.88,8987.93,9700.67,10455.55,11249.96,12081.89,12949.7,13852.06,14787.83,15756.02,16747.9,17286.49,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,7671.05,7936.6,8521.45,9168.69,9868.76,10616.16,11407.15,12239.01,13109.61,14017.24,14960.5,15938.2,16949.3,17791.47,18483.6,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,8499.78,8765.92,9380,10058.93,10792.69,11575.49,12403.42,13273.61,14183.84,15132.32,16117.57,17138.33,18193.54,18923.23,18483.6,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,9371.01,9636.7,10280.44,10991.61,11759.72,12578.66,13444.35,14353.78,15304.6,16294.94,17323.25,18388.23,19488.72,18923.23,18483.6,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,10284.74,10548.93,11222.76,11966.74,12769.84,13625.68,14529.95,15479.5,16471.87,17505.11,18577.57,19687.88,20674.02,18923.23,18483.6,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,11240.96,11502.63,12206.97,12984.3,13823.05,14716.53,15660.21,16650.78,17685.67,18762.81,19880.51,21037.3,20674.02,18923.23,18483.6,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23,12239.69,12497.78,13233.06,14044.31,14919.37,15851.22,16835.13,17867.61,18945.98,20068.07,21232.07,22436.48,20674.02,18923.23,18483.6,18122.91,17785.24,17438.49,17067.26,16667.61,16242.8,17182.8,16678.16,17611.3,17028.57,17930.23,17288.37,18146.71,19036.72,18284.23"/>
</vType>

输出#

使用 --emission-output 选项启动 SUMO，以生成包含所有车辆排放的 XML 文件。在 XML 中，属性 electricity 显示车辆在给定时间步长内的电能消耗（单位：Wh）。请注意，仅当相关车辆的 vtype 定义已相应设置时，MMPEVEM 才会提供此值。

MMPEVEM 是一个后向仿真模型，这意味着它需要速度、加速度、坡度和时间步长来计算能量需求。这也意味着它无法阻止车辆进入无效的工作点。后者可能是由不合理的加速度（例如由于瞬移）、错误的车辆参数等引起的。另一个原因是在高速行驶时使用“默认”加速度。可以通过提供 maxAccelProfile 或 desAccelProfile 来缓解这种情况。

注意

如果模型发现自己处于无效状态，它将返回 nan 作为能耗。

另外，MMPEVEM 假设驾驶员完美操作机械制动器，以便在回收期间将扭矩和功率限制在电机的极限范围内。

参考文献#

  1. 为了兼容性，{SUMO_HOME}/data/emissions/MMPEVEM 中的 XML 包含所有原生电动汽车参数。 ↩

  2. 在默认映射中，所有工作点的功率损耗均为 0 W。 ↩

  3. S. Kalt, J. Erhard, B. Danquah and M. Lienkamp, "Electric Machine Design Tool for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines," 2019 Fourteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 2019, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/EVER.2019.8813601 ↩